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14 Ways AI Will Benefit or Harm Society
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"ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» È®½ÇÈ÷ ÅëÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ÈÀüÀåÄ¡ °³¹ßÀÌ ´ãº¸µÇ¾î¾ß"
Artificial intelligence (AI) is on the rise both in business and in the world in general. How beneficial is it really to your business in the long run? Sure, it can take over those time-consuming and mundane tasks that are bogging your employees down, but at what cost? With AI spending expected to reach $46 billion by 2020, according to an IDC report, there’s no sign of the technology slowing down. Adding AI to your business may be the next step as you look for ways to advance your operations and increase your performance. To understand how AI will impact your business going forward, 14 members of Forbes Technology Council weigh in on the concerns about artificial intelligence and provide reasons why AI is either a detriment or a benefit to society. Here is what they had to say:
»ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ ¸éÀ̳ª ½Ç»ýÈ° ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼ Àü¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ¶ß°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àå±âÀûÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ºñÁî´Ï½º¿¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ±î? ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ µé°í Á÷¿øµéÀÌ ½È¾îÇÏ´Â ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ¾÷¹«¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ºñ¿ëÀÌ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. IDC º¸°í¼¿¡ µû¸£¸é 2020³â±îÁö AI ÁöÃâÀÌ 460¾ï ´Þ·¯¿¡ À̸¦ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀΰøÁö´É °ü·Ã±â¼úÀÌ µÐ鵃 Á¶ÁüÀº º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¾÷¿¡ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» Àû¿ëÇؼ ¿î¿µÀ» °ÈÇÏ°í ¼º´ÉÀ» Çâ»ó½Ãų ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸ð»öÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. Æ÷ºê½º±â¼úÀ§¿øȸ¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÈ À§¿ø 14¸íÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ »ç¾÷¿¡ ¾î¶² ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥Áö ÆľÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ »çȸ¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâÀ̳ª ÇýÅÿ¡ ´ëÇØ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.
1. Enhances Efficiency And Throughput
Concerns about disruptive technologies are common. A recent example is automobiles -- it took years to develop regulation around the industry to make it safe. That said, AI today is a huge benefit to society because it enhances our efficiency and throughput, while creating new opportunities for revenue generation, cost savings and job creation. - Anand Sampat, Datmo
1. È¿À²¼º Çâ»ó ¹× 󸮷® È®´ë
ÈçÈ÷ Æı«ÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÆÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ÇÑ ¿¹·Î ÀÚµ¿Â÷¸¦ µé ¼ö Àִµ¥, ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ¾ÈÀü¿¡ °üÇÑ »ê¾÷Àü¹ÝÀÇ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ ¸¸µå´Âµ¥ ¼ö³âÀÌ °É·È´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº È¿À²¼ºÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í 󸮷®À» ´Ã¸®¸é¼ ¼öÀÍÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í ºñ¿ëÀ» Àý°¨Çϸç ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â »õ·Î¿î ±âȸ¸¦ ¸¸µé±â ¶§¹®¿¡ »çȸ¿¡ Å« ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
2. Frees Up Humans To Do What They Do Best
Humans are not best served by doing tedious tasks. Machines can do that, so this is where AI can provide a true benefit. This allows us to do the more interpersonal and creative aspects of work. - Chalmers Brown, Due
2. Àΰ£ÀÌ °¡Àå ÀßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÀ» Çϵµ·Ï ½Ã°£À» ¹ú¾îÁØ´Ù
Àΰ£Àº Áö·çÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡Àå ½È¾îÇÑ´Ù. ±â°è°¡ ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» Á¦´ë·Î È°¿ëÇϸé Àΰ£Àº ±×·¸°Ô ¾Æ³¤ ½Ã°£¿¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº ´ëÀΰü°è¸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ°í âÁ¶ÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
3. Adds Jobs, Strengthens The Economy
We all see the headlines: Robots and AI will destroy jobs. This is fiction rather than fact. AI encourages a gradual evolution in the job market which, with the right preparation, will be positive. People will still work, but they’ll work better with the help of AI. The unparalleled combination of human and machine will become the new normal in the workforce of the future. - Matthew Lieberman, PwC
3. ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¸¸µé°í °æÁ¦¸¦ °ÈÇÑ´Ù
¿ì¸®´Â ‘·Îº¿°ú ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¾ø¾Ø´Ù’´Â ±â»ç¸¦ º¸Áö¸¸, ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ Ç㱸¿¡ °¡±õ´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº Á¦´ë·Î ÁغñÇؼ Ãë¾÷½ÃÀåÀ» Á¶±Ý¾¿ È°·ÂÀ» ºÒ¾î ³Ö°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ µµ¿òÀ¸·Î ´õ Àß ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£°ú ±â°èÀÇ ¸ÚÁø °áÇÕÀº ¹Ì·¡ ³ëµ¿·ÂÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Ç¥ÁØÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
4. Leads To Loss Of Control
If machines do get smarter than humans, there could be a loss of control that can be a detriment. Whether that happens or whether certain controls can be put in place remains to be seen. - Muhammed Othman, Calendar
4. Á¦¾î±â´É »ó½Ç
¸¸¾à ±â°è°¡ Àΰ£º¸´Ù ´õ ¶È¶ÈÇØÁö¸é, Á¦¾î±â´ÉÀ» ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¸é Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ÇÇÇظ¦ ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö, ¶Ç´Â ƯÁ¤ ÅëÁ¦ÀåÄ¡·Î Á¦¾îÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
5. Enhances Our Lifestyle
The rise of AI in our society will enhance our lifestyle and create more efficient businesses. Some of the mundane tasks like answering emails and data entry will by done by intelligent assistants. Smart homes will also reduce energy usage and provide better security, marketing will be more targeted and we will get better health care thanks to better diagnoses. - Naresh Soni, Tsunami ARVR
5. »ýÈ°¾ç½Ä Çâ»ó
¿ì¸®»çȸ¿¡¼ ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ µîÀåÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ýÈ°¹æ½ÄÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°°í º¸´Ù È¿À²ÀûÀÎ »ç¾÷À» âÃâÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̸ÞÀÏÀ̳ª µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ÀԷ°ú °°Àº Æò¹üÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷ Áß ÀϺδ Áö´ÉÇü º¸Á¶ÀÚ°¡ ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. ½º¸¶Æ® ȨÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö»ç¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í º¸¾ÈÀ» °ÈÇϸç, ¸¶ÄÉÆøñÇ¥¸¦ º¸´Ù ¸íÈ®È÷ ¼³Á¤ÇÏ°í, ´õ ³ªÀº Áø´Ü ´öºÐ¿¡ ´õ ³ªÀº ÀǷἺñ½º¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
6. Supervises Learning For Telemedicine
AI is a technology that can be used for both good and nefarious purposes, so there is a need to be vigilant. The latest technologies seem typically applied towards the wealthiest among us, but AI has the potential to extend knowledge and understanding to a broader population -- e.g. image-based AI diagnoses of medical conditions could allow for a more comprehensive deployment of telemedicine. - Harald Quintus-Bosz, Cooper Perkins, Inc.
6. ¿ø°ÝÁø·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇнÀ°È
ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº ¼±°ú ¾Ç ¸ðµÎ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ °æ°èÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Ãֽűâ¼úÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÀڵ鿡°Ô¸¸ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Áö½Ä°ú ÀÌÇظ¦ È®ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀáÀç·ÂÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, »çÁøÀ» º¸°í ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ Áø´ÜÀ» ³»¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¿ø°ÝÁø·áº¸´Ù ÈξÀ Á¤È®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
7. Creates Unintended And Unforeseen Consequences
While fears about killer robots grab headlines, unintended and unforeseen consequences of artificial intelligence need attention today, as we’re already living with them. For example, it is believed that Facebook’s newsfeed algorithm influenced an election outcome that affected geopolitics. How can we better anticipate and address such possible outcomes in future? - Simon Smith, BenchSci
7. ÀǵµÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ °á°ú»ý¼º
ų·¯·Îº¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µÎ·Á¿òÀÌ ´º½º¸¦ Àå½ÄÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µé°ú ÇÔ²² »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁõÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ü½ÉÀ» °®¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ÆäÀ̽ººÏÀÇ ´º½ºÇÇµå ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀÌ ¼±°Å°á°ú¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ Àß ¿¹ÃøÇÏ°í ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?
8. Increases Automation
There will be economic consequences to the widespread adoption of machine learning and other AI technologies. AI is capable of performing tasks that would once have required intensive human labor or not have been possible at all. The major benefit for business will be a reduction in operational costs brought about by AI automation -- whether that’s a net positive for society remains to be seen. - Vik Patel, Nexcess
8. ÀÚµ¿È Çâ»ó
±â°èÇнÀÀ̳ª ÀΰøÁö´É±â¼úÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ È°¿ëÀº °æÁ¦¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿·ÂÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾î°¡´Â ÀÏÀ̳ª, ±×µ¿¾È ÇØ°áÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´ø °úÁ¦µµ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÇ¸é ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» ¾¸À¸·Î½á ¿î¿µºñ¿ëÀ» ¾Æ³¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ »çȸ¿¡ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎÁö ¿©ºÎ´Â µÎ°í ºÁ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
9. Elevates The Condition Of Mankind
The ability for technology to solve more problems, answer more questions and innovate with a number of inputs beyond the capacity of the human brain can certainly be used for good or ill. If history is any guide, the improvement of technology tends to elevate the condition of mankind and allow us to focus on higher order functions and an improved quality of life. - Wade Burgess, Shiftgig
9. ÀηùÀÇ ÁöÀ§Çâ»ó
´õ ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ°í, ´õ ¸¹Àº Áú¹®¿¡ ´äÇϸç, Àΰ£ÀÇ µÎ³úÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼´Â ¸¹Àº ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î ±â¼úÇõ½ÅÀ» ÀÌ·ê ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â¼ú·ÂÀº ÁÁµç ³ª»Úµç Àΰ£¿¡°Ô »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µ¿¾ÈÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ º¸¸é, ±â¼úÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°°í »îÀÇ ÁúÀ» °³¼±½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù.
10. Solves Complex Social Problems
Much of the fear with AI is due to the misunderstanding of what it is and how it should be applied. Although AI has promise for solving complex social problems, there are ethical issues and biases we must still explore. We are just beginning to understand how AI can be applied to meaningful problems. As our use of AI matures, we will find it to be a clear benefit in our lives. - Mark Benson, Exosite, LLC
10. º¹ÀâÇÑ »çȸ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á
ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ µÎ·Á¿òÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ°í ¾î¶»°Ô ¾²ÀÏÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ¸·Î º¹ÀâÇÑ »çȸ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ç® ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í´Â ÇßÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÁ÷ ÇØ°áÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿Í Æí°ßÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌÁ¦¾ß ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÀÌÇØÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀ» ´É¼÷ÇÏ°Ô È°¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ¿ì¸® »î¿¡ È®½ÇÇÑ ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
11. Improves Demand Side Management
AI is a benefit to society because machines can become smarter over time and increase efficiencies. Additionally, computers are not susceptible to the same probability of errors as human beings are. From an energy standpoint, AI can be used to analyze and research historical data to determine how to most efficiently distribute energy loads from a grid perspective. - Greg Sarich, CLEAResult
11. ¼ö¿ä Ãø¸éÀÇ °ü¸®Çâ»ó
ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó ±â°è°¡ ´õ ¶È¶ÈÇØÁö°í È¿À²¼ºÀ» ³ôÀÏ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ »çȸ¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ´Â Àΰ£»çȸ¿¡¼ ÀÖ¾î ³¯¹ýÇÑ ¿À·ùµµ ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿¡³ÊÁö Ãø¸é¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§µµ, ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº °ú°Å µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ°í ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ¿¡³ÊÁö ºÎÇϸ¦ °¡Àå È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¹èÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °í¾Ð¼ÛÀüÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
12. Benefits Multiple Industries
Society has and will continue to benefit from AI based on character/facial recognition, digital content analysis and accuracy in identifying patterns, whether they are used for health sciences, academic research or technology applications. AI risks are real if we don’t understand the quality of the incoming data and set AI rules which are making granular trade-off decisions at increasing computing speeds. - Mark Butler, Qualys.com
12. ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ê¾÷ÀÇ ÀåÁ¡
¿ì¸® »çȸ´Â º¸°Ç°úÇÐ, Çмú¿¬±¸ ¶Ç´Â ±â¼úÀÀ¿ë¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¿Í »ó°ü¾øÀÌ ¼º°Ý/¾ó±¼ ÀνÄ, µðÁöÅÐ ÄÜÅÙÃ÷ ºÐ¼® ¹× ÆÐÅϽĺ°ÀÇ Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀ» ´©¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¾ÕÀ¸·Îµµ ±×·² °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µé¾î¿À´Â µ¥ÀÌÅÍÀÇ Ç°ÁúÀ» Á¦¾îÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ Ã¤ ÄÄÇ»Æà ¼Óµµ°¡ Áõ°¡¸¸ ÇÒ ¶§, ²Ä²ÄÇÑ »óÈ£°ü°è °áÁ¤À» ³»¸®´Â ÀΰøÁö´É ±ÔÄ¢À» ¼³Á¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ À§ÇèÀº Çö½ÇÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
13. Absolves Humans Of All Responsibility
It is one thing to use machine learning to predict and help solve problems; it is quite another to use these systems to purposely control and act in ways that will make people unnecessary. When machine intelligence exceeds our ability to understand it, or it becomes superior intelligence, we should take care to not blindly follow its recommendation and absolve ourselves of all responsibility. - Chris Kirby, Voices.com
13. Àΰ£À» ¸ðµç Ã¥ÀÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Çعæ
¹®Á¦¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇÏ°í ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â µ¥ ±â°è ÇнÀÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í°ú, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø¾îÁö´Â ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾îÇÏ°í ÇൿÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÇô ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±â°è Áö´ÉÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» ´É°¡Çϰųª ¶Ù¾î³ Áö´ÉÀÌ µÉ ¶§, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸Í¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ ±Ç°í¸¦ µû¸£Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ±×·² °æ¿ì Àΰ£¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÀ» Áö¿ì¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù.
14. Extends And Expands Creativity
AI intelligence is the biggest opportunity of our lifetime to extend and expand human creativity and ingenuity. The two main concerns that the fear-mongers raise are around AI leading to job losses in the society and AI going rogue and taking control of the human race. I believe that both these concerns raised by critics are moot or solvable. - Ganesh Padmanabhan, CognitiveScale, Inc
14. âÀǼºÀ» È®´ë ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ´
ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ Ã¢ÀÇ·ÂÀ» È®´ëÇÏ°í ¹ßÀü½Ãų °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ±âȸÀÌ´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´É ¹Ý´ë·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ Á¦±âÇÏ´Â µÎ °¡Áö ÁÖ¿ä °ü½É»ç´Â ÀÏÀÚ¸® °¨¼Ò¿Í ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ÀηùÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ºñÆò°¡µéÀÌ Á¦±âÇÑ ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö ¿ì·Á ¸ðµÎ ÇØ°áÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù.
* Ãâó¼Ò°³: Æ÷ºê½º(Forbes)
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